UNFPA’s Perspective on India’s Demographic Landscape
GS-1 Mains : Geography
Short Notes or Revision Notes
Question : Evaluate the progress made and persistent inequalities highlighted in the UNFPA report regarding sexual and reproductive health and rights in India.
Source: United Nations Population Fund (UNFPA) report, titled ‘Interwoven Lives, Threads of Hope: Ending Inequalities in Sexual and Reproductive Health and Rights’
India’s Population
- Estimated at 1.44 billion, surpassing China (1.425 billion)
- 24% in the 0-14 age bracket
- Population is expected to double in 77 years (based on 2011 census data of 1.21 billion)
Demographic Categorisation
- 0-14 years old: 24%
- 10-19 years old: 17%
- 10-24 years old: 26%
- 15-64 years old (working age): 68%
- 65 years and older: 7%
- Life expectancy: Men – 71 years, Women – 74 years
Progress & Inequalities
- Progress:
- Global unintended pregnancy rate down by 20% in 30 years
- Doubled number of women using modern contraceptives
- 162 countries with laws against domestic violence
- 34% decrease in maternal deaths since 2000
- Persistent Inequalities:
- Gender-based violence remains widespread
- Stagnant maternal mortality rates since 2016 (increasing in some countries)
- Nearly half of women lack control over their bodies
Marginalised Groups
- Least improvement for most marginalised women
- Women of African descent: higher obstetric mistreatment and negative maternal health outcomes
- Indigenous women: denied culturally appropriate care, criminalisation of childbirth practices
Key Concerns
- Discrimination & Stigma:
- Racism, sexism, and other forms of discrimination hinder sexual and reproductive health access
- Women with disabilities face 10x more gender-based violence and greater barriers to healthcare
- LGBTQIA+ people face health disparities due to discrimination
- Health & Social Challenges:
- 30 years of progress bypassed most marginalised communities
- India’s child marriage rate (2006-2023): 23%
- Maternal deaths: India has 8% of global deaths but unequal distribution of risk
Conclusion & Way Forward
- Eliminate inequalities in health systems and policies
- Focus on most marginalised women and youth
- Large young population presents an opportunity for economic growth
- Continued efforts needed for improved health and social outcomes, especially for marginalised communities
About UNFPA
- Established in 1969
- UN agency for improving reproductive and maternal health worldwide
- Largest international source of assistance for population programs
- Supports Sustainable Development Goals on health, education, and gender equality
- Funded by voluntary contributions