CHAPTER-25: Independence with Partition (Spectrum Modern History Rajiv Ahir notes for UPSC IAS Exam (Revision or Short Notes)

CHAPTER-25 (Revision Notes)

Independence with Partition

deadline of June 30, 1948 was fixed for transfer of power even if the Indian politicians had not agreed by that time on the constitution.
British would relinquish power either to some form of central government or in some areas to the existing provincial governments if the constituent assembly was not fully representative, i.e., if the Muslim majority provinces did not join.
British powers and obligations vis-a-vis the princely states would lapse with transfer of power, but these would not be transferred to any successor government in British India.
Mountbatten would replace Wavell as the viceroy. The statement contained clear hints of partition and even Balkanisation of the country into numerous states and was, in essence, a reversion of the Cripps Offer.

government hoped that a fixed date would shock the parties into an agreement on the main question.
government was keen to avert the developing constitutional crisis.
government hoped to convince the Indians of British sincerity.
truth in Wavell’s assessment could no longer be denied.

Congress Stand-provision of transfer of power to more than one centre was acceptable to Congress because it meant that the existing assembly could go ahead and frame a constitution for the areas represented by it, and it offered a way out of the existing deadlock.

On March 10, 1947, Nehru stated that the Cabinet Mission’s was the best solution if carried out; the only real alternative was the partition of Punjab and Bengal. In April 1947, the Congress president, Kripalani, communicated to the viceroy
Mountbatten as the Viceroy-Mountbatten proved more firm and quick in taking decisions than his predecessors because he was informally given more powers to decide things on the spot. His task was to explore the options of unity and division till October 1947 and then advise the British government on the form of transfer of power.
Mountbatten Plan, June 3, 1947

Punjab and Bengal Legislative Assemblies would meet in two groups, Hindus and Muslims, to vote for partition. If a simple majority of either group voted for partition, then these provinces would be partitioned.
In case of partition, two dominions and two constituent assemblies would be created.
Sindh would take its own decision.
Referendums in NWFP and Sylhet district of Bengal would decide the fate of these areas.
Since the Congress had conceded a unified India, all their other points would be met, namely,
independence for princely states ruled out—they would join either India or Pakistan;
independence for Bengal ruled out;
accession of Hyderabad to Pakistan ruled out;
freedom to come on August 15, 1947; and
a boundary commission to be set up if partition was to be effected.
Why Congress Accepted Dominion Status
it would ensure a peaceful and quick transfer of power;
it was more important for the Congress to assume authority to check the explosive situation; and
it would allow for some much needed continuity in the bureaucracy and the army.
Rationale for an Early Date (August 15, 1947) -The plan was put into effect without the slightest delay. The legislative assemblies of Bengal and Punjab decided in favour of partition of these two provinces. Thus, East Bengal and West Punjab joined Pakistan; West Bengal and East Punjab remained with the Indian Union.

Indian Independence Act-On July 5, 1947 the British Parliament passed the Indian Independence Act which was based on the Mountbatten Plan, and the Act got royal assent on June 18, 1947.
Act was implemented on August 15, 1947.
Act provided for the creation of two independent dominions of India and Pakistan with effect from August 15, 1947.
As per the provisions of the Indian Independence Act, 1947, Pakistan became independent on August 14 while India got its freedom on August 15, 1947.
Jinnah became the first Governor-General of Pakistan.
India, however, decided to request Lord Mountbatten to continue as the Governor-General of India.
Problems of Early withdrawal-breakneck speed of events under Mountbatten caused anomalies in arranging the details of partition and totally failed to prevent the Punjab massacre, because

there were no transitional institutional structures within which partition problems could be tackled;
Mountbatten had hoped to be the common Governor- General of India and Pakistan, thus providing the necessary link, but Jinnah wanted the position for himself in Pakistan;
there was a delay in announcing the Boundary Commission Award (under Radcliffe); though the award was ready by August 12, 1947 Mountbatten decided to make it public after August 15 so that the British could escape all responsibility of disturbances.

In July 1947, Vallabhbhai Patel took charge of the new States Department. Under Patel, the incorporation of Indian states took place in two phases with a skillful combination of baits and threats of mass pressure in both.
Phase I By August 15, 1947, all states except Kashmir, Hyderabad and Junagarh had signed an instrument of accession with the Indian government
Phase II second phase involved a much more difficult process of ‘integration’ of states with neighbouring provinces or into new units

Congress was only accepting the inevitable due to the long-term failure to draw the Muslim masses into the national movement. The Congress had a two fold task—(i) structuring diverse classes, communities, groups and regions into a nation, and (ii) securing independence for this nation.
Only an immediate transfer of power could forestall the spread of ‘direct action’ and communal violence. The virtual collapse of the Interim Government also made the notion of Pakistan appear unavoidable.
partition plan ruled out independence for the princely states which could have been a greater danger to Indian unity as it would have meant Balkanisation of the country.
Acceptance of partition was only a final act of the process of step-by-step concessions to the League’s championing of a separate Muslim state.
when CWC resolution stated that Punjab (and by implication, Bengal) must be partitioned if the country was divided and With the 3rd June Plan, Congress accepted partition.
While loudly asserting the sovereignty of the Constituent Assembly, the Congress quietly accepted compulsory grouping and accepted the partition most of all because it could not stop the communal riots.

Gandhi’s Helplessness-Gandhi felt helpless because there had been a communalization of the people. He had no option but to accept partition because the people wanted it.