Discriminatory Jail Rules Struck Down by Supreme Court
Introduction:
- Supreme Court struck down discriminatory rules in state prison manuals.
- Rules reinforced caste differences and targeted marginalized communities.
Petition and Ruling:
- Journalist Sukanya Shantha filed a plea highlighting discriminatory rules.
- Rules dealt with prisoner classification and work assignment.
- Supreme Court declared rules unconstitutional and directed states to revise manuals.
Manuals Reinforcing Caste Prejudices:
- Criminal Tribes Act of 1871 declared certain communities as criminal tribes.
- Manuals reinforced stereotypes against denotified tribes through classification.
Violation of Fundamental Rights:
- Article 14: Right to Equality
- Article 15: Right Against Discrimination
- Article 17: Abolition of Untouchability
- Article 21: Right to Life with Dignity
- Article 23: Prohibition of Forced Labour
Conclusion:
- Supreme Court’s decision upholds fundamental rights of prisoners.
- Addresses historical injustices and promotes equality within prisons.
Making Machines Learn: 2024 Nobel Prize in Physics
Introduction:
- Nobel Prize in Physics awarded to John Hopfield and Geoffrey Hinton.
- Laid foundations of AI technology and tools.
- Ground-breaking research in the 1980s.
Hopfield’s Research:
- Mimicked the functioning of the human brain.
- Developed an artificial neural network resembling the brain’s structure.
- Network processed information using the entire network structure.
- Inspired by spin glass physical system.
Significance:
- Captured entire patterns in one go.
- Allowed for pattern recognition, face recognition, and image improvement tools.
Hinton’s Research:
- Developed artificial networks for more complex tasks.
- Used backpropagation for continuous learning and improvement.
- Deep neural networks with multiple layers.
- AlexNet algorithm demonstrated dramatic improvements in image recognition.
Conclusion:
- Hopfield and Hinton’s work laid the groundwork for modern AI.
- Their research has enabled breakthroughs in speech and image recognition, translation, voice assistance, and self-driving cars.
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