CHAPTER-27: Survey of British Policies in India (Spectrum Modern History Rajiv Ahir notes for UPSC IAS Exam (Revision or Short Notes)

CHAPTER-27 ( Revision Notes)

Survey of British Policies in India

 

 

1. Administrative Policies-

• Divide and Rule-Determined to avoid a united mass action challenging their authority, the British rulers in India decided to practice a naked policy of divide and rule.
• Hostility Towards Educated Indians-At a time when the nationalist movement was born (Indian National Congress was founded in 1885), the British interpreted the moves as a challenge to their authority and adopted a hostile attitude to such leadership.
• Attitude Towards the Zamindars-In their pursuit of reactionary policies and hope to expand their social base, the British looked for alliances with the most reactionary of social groups—the princes, zamindars, etc.
• Attitude Towards Social Reforms-Having decided to side with the reactionary elements of Indian society, the British withdrew support to social reforms,
• Underdeveloped Social Services- A disproportionately large expenditure on army and civil administration and the cost of wars left little to be spent on social services
• Labour Legislations-The Indian Factory Act, 1881 dealt primarily with the problem of child labour (between 7 and 12 years of age). Its significant provisions were:

1. employment of children under 7 years of age prohibited,
2. working hours restricted to 9 hours per day for children,
3. children to get four holidays in a month,
4. hazardous machinery to be properly fenced off.

The Indian Factory Act, 1891

1. increased the minimum age (from 7 to 9 years) and the maximum (from 12 to 14 years) for children,
2. reduced maximum working hours for children to 7 hours a day,
3. fixed maximum working hours for women at 11 hours per day with an one-and-a-half hour interval (working hours for men were left unregulated),
4. provided weekly holiday for all.

• Restrictions on Freedom of the Press- Lytton, fearing an increased influence of the nationalist press on public opinion, imposed restrictions on Indian language press through the infamous Vernacular Press Act, 1878. This Act had to be repealed under public protest in 1882.
• White Racism-The notion of white superiority was maintained very carefully by the colonial rulers by systematically excluding the Indians from higher grades of services—both civil and military.

1. British Social and Cultural Policy in India-

• emergence of new interests and ideas in Britain of the nineteenth century in the wake of significant changes in Europe during the 18th and the 19th centuries. Some of these changes were—

1. Industrial Revolution which began in the 18^th century and resulted in the growth of industrial capitalism. The rising industrial interests wanted to make India a big market for their goods and therefore required partial modernisation and transformation of Indian society.
2. Intellectual Revolution which gave rise to new attitudes of mind, manners, and morals.
3. French Revolution which with its message of liberty, equality and fraternity, unleashed the forces of democracy and nationalism.

• Characteristics of New Thought-Some of the characteristics of the new wave of thought were—

1. Rationalism which advocated faith in reason and a scientific attitude.
2. Humanism which advocated the love of man. These ideals gave rise to liberalism, socialism and individualism.
3. Doctrine of Progress according to which nothing is static and all societies must change with time.

• Schools of Thought

1. Conservatives advocated introduction of as few changes as possible.
2. Paternalistic Imperialists were sharply critical of Indian society and culture and used to justify economic and political enslavement of India.
3. Radicals went beyond the narrow criticism and imperialistic outlook of the Conservatives and the Imperialists and applied advanced humanistic and rational thought to the Indian situation.

• Indian Renaissance-There were many Indians who instigated social reform and caused legislations to be brought about so as to control and eradicate social evils imbedded in so-called tradition.
• Dilemma Before the Government-The government feared that too much modernisation might generate forces hostile to their interests
• Role of Christian Missionaries-The missionaries regarded Christianity to be a superior religion and wanted to spread it in India through westernization. Towards this end, the Christian missionaries

1. supported the Radicals whose scientific approach, they believed, would undermine the native culture and beliefs;
2. supported the Imperialists since law and order and the British supremacy were essential for their propaganda; and
3. sought business and the capitalist support holding out the hope to them that the Christian converts would be better customers of their goods.

• British Retreat-The Indians proved to be apt pupils and shifted rapidly towards modernisation of their society and assertion of their culture.
• British Policy Towards Princely States-
• subordination of princely states to British authority was completed when the fiction of Indian states standing in a status of equality with the Crown as independent, sovereign states ended with the Queen adopting the title of Kaiser-i- Hind (Queen Empress of India) in 1876, to emphasise British sovereignty over entire India.

1. British Foreign Policy in India-

• pursuance of a foreign policyled to India’s conflicts with neighbouring countries. These conflicts arose due to various reasons. Firstly, political and administrative consolidation of the country. Secondly, the British Government had as its major aims in Asia and Africa—

1. protection of the invaluable Indian empire;
2. expansion of British commercial and economic interests;
3. keeping other European imperialist powers, whose colonial interests came in conflict with those of the British, at an arm’s length in Asia and Africa.