Daily Hot Topic

Topic : Hydropower and Peak Power Demand in India

GS-3 Mains : Economy

Revision Notes

Context:

• Ministry of Power optimizes hydropower to meet rising peak demand (240 GW expected in summer).

Renewable Energy Scenario:

• India is 3rd largest renewable energy producer with 40% installed capacity from non-fossil fuels.
• Added 18 GW renewable capacity in FY24.
• Green push reduces emission intensity but challenges peak power with a renewables-heavy grid.
• Hydropower, coal, and gas are preferred for peak demand.

Hydropower Basics:

• Oldest and largest renewable energy source using flowing water.
• Currently generates more electricity than all other renewables combined.
• Expected to remain the leading renewable source till 2030s.

Hydro Project Classification (India):

• Micro: Up to 100 KW
• Mini: 101 KW – 2 MW
• Small: 2 MW – 25 MW
• Mega: 500 MW and above

Hydropower in India:

• 12.5% of power generation in 2022-23.
• 4745.6 MW pumped storage capacity in 2023.
• Potential concentrated in hilly states (Arunachal Pradesh, Himachal Pradesh, J&K, Uttarakhand).
• Other potential states: Maharashtra, Chhattisgarh, Karnataka, Kerala.

Strengths:

• Abundant water resources: Major rivers offer high generation potential.
• Small-scale projects: Suitable for hilly and remote areas with limited grid access.
• Storage capacity: Reservoirs enable energy storage for peak demand management.
• Long lifespan: Hydropower infrastructure can last for over 50 years with proper maintenance.
• Reliable and predictable: Provides consistent electricity unlike weather-dependent renewables.
• Clean energy: Minimal greenhouse gas emissions compared to fossil fuels.

Challenges:

• Environmental impact: Large dams disrupt ecosystems, fish habitats, and local biodiversity.
• Social impacts: Construction displaces communities and disrupts livelihoods.
• High initial costs: Significant upfront investment is required for hydropower facilities.
• Climate change vulnerability: Reliant on consistent water flow, which can be affected by climate variations.
• Sedimentation: Dams trap sediment, reducing reservoir capacity and impacting efficiency.
• Maintenance challenges: Regular maintenance is crucial for safe and efficient operation.

Way Forward:

• Diversify power sources: Integrate other renewable technologies like solar and wind.
• Floating solar panels: Innovative approach being explored in China and Brazil.
• Pumped-storage hydro: Stores excess renewable energy for later use.