GS-2 Mains : Economy : New Highway Toll System in India
Question :What are the potential benefits of the new satellite-based toll collection system compared to the current FASTag system?
System:
- Uses Global Navigation Satellite System (GAGAN, India’s system) for location tracking.
- On-Board Unit (OBU) in vehicles transmits location data.
- Tolls based on distance traveled, deducted from linked wallet.
- Gantries with CCTV cameras enforce compliance (license plate verification).
- Aims for pay-as-you-use and barrier-free movement.
Challenges:
- Recovering unpaid tolls (no toll booths).
- Vehicles without OBUs or with switched-off devices.
- Lack of nationwide ANPR (Automatic Number-Plate Recognition) infrastructure.
- Low quality license plates in some areas.
- Amending toll collection rules (OBU requirement, unpaid toll recovery).
Privacy Concerns:
- Uses GAGAN (not US-owned GPS) for data security.
- Digital Personal Data Protection Act (2023) to address privacy concerns (criticized for potential government surveillance).
Implementation:
- Coexists with FASTag system initially (OBU mandatory for all vehicles not yet decided).
- Broader legal framework needed for enforcement and unpaid tolls.
Conclusion:
- Coexists with FASTag system initially (OBU mandatory for all vehicles not yet decided).
GS-3 Mains : Sci.-Tech : Understanding Artificial Intelligence (AI)
Question : How do artificial neural networks contribute to a machine’s ability to learn and solve problems?
AI Definition:
- Intelligence exhibited by machines.
- Combination of machine hardware and software.
Types of Machine Learning:
- Supervised Learning:Labeled data used for training.
- Unsupervised Learning:Unlabeled data used for pattern recognition.
- Reinforcement Learning:Machine learns by trial and error, receiving feedback.
Machine’s “Brain”: Artificial Neural Networks (ANNs)
- Inspired by the structure and function of the human brain.
- Composed of interconnected nodes (like neurons) with weighted connections (like synapses).
- Activation functions within nodes process information and generate outputs.
- Graphic Processing Units (GPUs) are well-suited for running ANNs due to their processing power.
Applications of AI:
- Healthcare:Improved diagnosis, personalized treatment, research & development.
- Business:Optimized operations, better decision-making, enhanced customer service.
- Education:Personalized learning experiences catering to different needs.
- Judiciary:Streamlined processes, legal research & analysis, online dispute resolution.
- Cybersecurity:Threat detection, anomaly identification, data analysis for vulnerabilities.
The Future of AI:
- Potential to surpass human intelligence and improve our lives.
- Importance of balanced use to avoid over-reliance on machines.
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